PERUBAHAN BAHASA JEPANG MUDAH

Japanese Verb Conjugation

The verb generally comes at the end of the sentence in the Japanese language. Because Japanese's sentences often omit the subject, the verb is probably the most important part in understanding the sentence. Unlike more complex verb conjugation of other languages, Japanese verbs do not have a different form to indicate the person (first-, second, and third-person), the number (singular and plural), or gender. 
Japanese verbs are roughly divided into three groups according to their dictionary form (basic form). 
Group 1: ~ U ending Verbs
The basic form of Group 1 verbs end with "~ u". This group is also called Consonant-stem verbs or Godan-doushi (Godan verbs).

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Group 1

Group 1
hanasu	to speak
kaku	to write
kiku	to listen
matsu	to wait
nomu	to drink

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Group 2

Group 2: ~ Iru and ~ Eru ending Verbs
The basic form of Group 2 verbs end with either "~iru" or "~ eru".
This group is also called Ichidan or Vowel-stem verbs.

Group 2
~ iru ending	kiru	to wear
	miru	to see
	okiru	to get up
	oriru	to get off
	shinjiru	to believe
~ eru ending	akeru	to open
	ageru	to give
	deru	to go out
	neru	to sleep
	taberu	to eat

Exceptions

The following verbs belong to Group 1, even though they end in "~ iru" or "~ eru".

Group 1 Exceptions
hairu	to enter
hashiru	to run
iru	to need
kaeru	to return
kagiru	to limit
kiru	to cut
shaberu	to chatter
shiru	to know

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Group 3 (Irregular)

Group 3: Irregular Verbs
There are two irregular verbs, kuru (to come) and suru (to do).
The verb suru is likely the most often used verb. It is means to do, to make,or to cost. It is also combined with many nouns to change them into verbs.

Combination Examples

Noun + Suru
benkyousuru	to study
ryokousuru	to travel
yushutsusuru	to export
dansusuru	to dance
shanpuusuru	to shampoo

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Dictionary Form

The dictionary form (basic form) of all Japanese verbs end with "u". This is also the informal, present affirmative form of the verb. Use this with friends and family in informal situations.

Masu Form

The ~ masu Form (Formal Form)
Add the suffix "~ masu" to the dictionary form of a verb to make sentence polite. Use this form in situations theat require increased levels of politeness or formality, and is more appropriate for general use.

~ masu Form
Group 1	Remove the final ~u, and add ~ imasu (kaku --- kakimasu, nomu --- nomimasu)
Group 2	Remove the final ~ru, and add ~ masu (miru --- mimasu, taberu --- tabemasu)
Group 3	kuru --- kimasu, suru --- shimasu

The verb stem can be found by removing the ~ masu from the ~masu form:

~ Masu Form	Verb Stem
kakimasu	kaki
nomimasu	nomi
mimasu	mi
tabemasu	tabe

 

Present Tense

Japanese verbs have two main tenses, present and past. The present tense is used for future and habitual actions. The informal form of the present tense is the same as the dictionary form. Use the ~ masu form in formal situations.

Past Tense

The past tense is used to express actions completed in the past (I saw, I bought etc.) and present perfect tense (I have read, I have done etc.). The conjugation of Group 1 verbs varies with the consonant of the last syllable on the dictionary form. Group 2 verbs all have the same conjugation pattern. 

Past Tense
Group 1
Formal	Replace ~ u with ~ imashita	kaku --- kakimashita nomu --- nomimashita
Informal	(1) Verb ending with ~ ku: replace ~ ku with ~ ita	kaku --- kaita kiku --- kiita
	(2) Verb ending with ~ gu: replace ~ gu with ~ ida	isogu --- isoida oyogu --- oyoida
	(3) Verb ending with ~ u, ~tsu and ~ ru: replace them with ~ tta	utau --- utatta matsu --- matta kaeru --- kaetta
	(4) Verb ending with ~ nu, ~bu and ~ mu: replace them with ~ nda	shinu --- shinda asobu --- asonda nomu --- nonda
	(5) Verb ending with ~ su: replace ~ su with ~ shita	hanasu --- hanashita dasu --- dashita
Group 2
Formal	Take off ~ru, and add ~ mashita	miru --- mimashita taberu ---tabemashita
Informal	Take off ~ru, and add ~ ta	miru --- mita taberu --- tabeta
Group 3
Formal	kuru --- kimashita, suru --- shimashita
Informal	kuru --- kita, suru ---shita

Present Negative

To make a negative sentence, change the verb ending into the ~nai, negative form.

Formal	All Verbs (Group 1, 2, 3)
	Replace ~ masu with ~ masen	nomimasu --- nomimasen tabemasu --- tabemasen kimasu --- kimasen shimasu --- shimasen
Informal	Group 1
	Replace the final ~ u with ~anai (If verb ending is a vowel + ~ u, replace with ~ wanai)	kiku --- kikanai nomu --- nomanai au --- awanai
	Group 2
	Replace ~ ru with ~ nai	miru --- minai taberu --- tabenai
	Group 3
	kuru --- konai, suru ---shinai

Past Negative

Formal	Group 1, 2, 3
	Add ~ deshita to the formal present negative form	nomimasen --- nomimasen deshita tabemasen --- tabemasen deshita kimasen --- kimasen deshita shimasen --- shimasen deshita
Informal	Group 1, 2, 3
	Replace ~ nai with ~ nakatta	nomanai --- nomanakatta tabenai --- tabenakatta konai --- konakatta shinai ---shinakatta

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The TE Form

The ~ te form not indicate tense by itself. It combines with other verb forms to create other tenses. To make the ~ te form, replace the final ~ ta of the informal past tense of the verb with ~ te, and ~ da with ~ de.

Te Form
Informal Past	The ~ te form
nonda	nonde
tabeta	tabete
kita	kite

Functions of the ~ te form. 

1. Describe a habitual action/ condition
2. Request (~ te form + kudasai)

Mite kudasai.	Please look.
Kiite kudasai.	Please listen.

3. Present progressive: ~ te form + iru or imasu (formal)

Hirugohan o tabete iru.	I am having lunch.
Terebi o mite imasu.	I am watching TV.

4. Listing successive actions

Use to connect two or more verbs, used after all but the last verb in a sequence. 

Hachi-ji ni okite gakkou ni itta.	I got up at eight and went to school.
Depaato ni itte kutsu o katta.	I went to department store and bought shoes.

5. Ask permission: (~ te form + mo ii desu ka)

Terebi o mite mo ii desu ka.	May I watch TV?
Tabako o sutte mo ii desu ka.	May I smoke?

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~TE Examples

Group 1 Example

Dictionary Form (Basic Form)	English	Formal Form	The ~ te Form
aruku	to walk	arukimasu	aruite
asobu	to play	asobimasu	asonde
au	to meet	aimasu	atte
hairu	to enter	hairimasu	haitte
hajimaru	to begin	hajimarimasu	hajimatte
iku	to go	ikimasu	itte
kaeru	to return	kaerimasu	kaette
kakaru	to take	kakarimasu	kakatte
kaku	to write	kakimasu	kaite
kau	to buy	kaimasu	katte
kiku	to listen	kikimasu	kiite
matsu	to wait	machimasu	matte
motsu	to have	mochimasu	motte
narau	to learn	naraimasu	naratte
nomu	to drink	nomimasu	nonde
okuru	to send	okurimasu	okutte
omou	to think	omoimasu	omotte
oyogu	to swim	oyogimasu	oyoide
shiru	to know	shirimasu	shitte
suwaru	to sit	suwarimasu	suwatte
tatsu	to stand	tachimasu	tatte
tomaru	to stop	tomarimasu	tomatte
tsuku	to arrive	tsukimasu	tsuite
uru	to sell	urimasu	utte
utau	to sing	utaimasu	utatte
wakaru	to understand	wakarimasu	wakatte
warau	to laugh	waraimasu	waratte
yomu	to read	yomimasu	yonde

Group 2 Example

kangaeru	to think	kangaemasu	kangaete
miru	to see	mimasu	mite
neru	to sleep	nemasu	nete
oshieru	to teach	oshiemasu	oshiete
taberu	to eat	tabemasu	tabete

Group 3 Example

kuru	to come	kimasu	kite
suru	to do	shimasu	shite

The ~te form it does not indicate tense by itself; it can be used to string together sequences of verbs. One of the ~te form structure is "~ te kudasai," to expresse a request.

Kaite kudasai	Please write.
Matte kudasai.	Please wait.